![]() And despite concerns throughout history, we have always managed to adapt. He says humans have always developed machines. These days, Kasparov isn’t ruffled by computers. Machines are viewed as a looming threat to jobs and the economy. There are concerns that robots will replace humans in the workforce. “You’d rather have an experienced nurse working with an algorithm rather than a top professor who might be tempted to challenge a machine’s assumptions,” Kasparov says.īut not everyone shares Kasparov’s optimistic view of a machine-filled future. Kasparov says this sort of cooperation is possible in everything from diagnostic medicine to manufacturing. Kasparov says this situation is mutually beneficial: The human player has access to the computer’s ability to calculate moves, while the computer benefits from human intuition.Īnd chess isn’t the only avenue for this human-machine partnership. He came up with a concept he calls “advanced chess,” where a human and a computer team up to play against another human and computer. Kasparov has become even more involved in artificial intelligence over the years. “If I had to think whether this was a blessing or a curse that I became world champion when machines were really weak, and I ended my professional career when computers were unbeatable, I think it’s more like a blessing,” Kasparov says. In his new book, “ Deep Thinking: Where Machine Intelligence Ends and Human Creativity Begins,” Kasparov discusses the story of that match and its place in the broader narrative of artificial intelligence. But in the 20 years since, the chess legend has warmed to his place in history. ![]() Immediately after the match, Kasparov was bitter. it could definitely be a revolutionary moment.” So when a machine faced a human in chess and won this battle. “And the game of chess has always been seen as the nexus for human intelligence. “From the beginning of the computer era, it was a belief that chess could serve as the ultimate test for machine intelligence,” Kasparov says. So when Kasparov, one of the greatest chess players of all time, lost to a computer in front of a global audience, people began to wonder whether it was just a matter of time before machines surpassed humans in other aspects of life. He had been beating chess-playing computers since the ‘80s (he’ll remind you that he defeated an earlier version of Deep Blue in 1996) and was considered nearly unbeatable. He was the Michael Jordan of chess at the time. But going into the match, Kasparov was confident. His opponent was the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue, a machine that was capable of imagining an average of 200,000,000 positions per second. He raises his arms, astounded that he was beaten by a machine. Finally, Kasparov makes his move, stands up and races away from the board. He’s fidgeting in between turns and shaking his head in disbelief as he waits for his opponent to put the final touches on an inevitable victory. In particular, recent narratives of AI based on human feelings and values such as beauty and trust can shape the way in which the presence of intelligent systems is accepted and integrated in everyday life.It’s 1997, and Garry Kasparov is hunched over a chessboard, visibly frustrated. The analysis of the case studies reveals how AI companies mix narrative tropes, gaming and spectacle in order to promote the newness and the main features of their products. While on the other hand, the social and symbolic message promoted by DeepMind and the media conveyed a cooperative and fruitful interaction with a new software-based, transparent and un-humanlike form of AI. On the one hand, the Kasparov-Deep Blue match was presented by broadcasting media and IBM itself as a conflictual and competitive form of struggle between human kind and a hardware-based, obscure and humanlike player. Relying on a corpus of primary and secondary sources such as newspapers and specialized magazines, biographic books, the live broadcasts and the main documentaries reporting the challenges, the paper investigates the way in which IBM and Google DeepMind used the human-machine competition to narrate the emergence of a new, deeper, form of AI. ![]() The paper compares two key-events that marked the narratives around the emergence of AI in two different time frames: the game series between the Russian world champion Garry Kasparov and the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue held in New York in 1997 and the GO game series between the South Korean champion Lee Sedol and DeepMind’s artificial intelligence AlphaGo held in Seoul in 2016. ![]()
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